Energy sensors and reproductive hypothalamo-pituitary ovarian axis (HPO) in female mammals: Role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1)

In female, energy metabolism influences reproductive function by modulating the Hypothalamic Pituitary Ovarian axis including hypothalamic GnRH neuronal network, pituitary gonadotropin secretion and ovarian follicle growth steroidogenesis. Several hormones neuropeptides or metabolites are important signals between balance reproduction. These sensors mediate their action on cells through specific kinases signaling pathways. This review focuses role of three main enzymes-specifically, mTOR, AMPK, SIRT1 at in normal female fertility then we discuss possible involvement some women disorders known to be associated with metabolic complications, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) premature failure (POF).